Communication Studies: Process, Context, and Components

According to Aristotle communication is a means by which citizens can participate in a democracy and in Harorl D. Lasswell, communication is basically a process that explains who says what, to channel what, to whom? With what result or outcome? (Who? Says what? In which channel? To Whom? With what effect?).

Communication is a process whereby one or more groups, organizations, and communities create and use information in order to connect with the environment and other people.

Mass Communication (Writter docs)

In general, communication is done verbally or verbally that can be understood by both parties. If there is no verbal language understood by both, communication can still be done using motion - body movements, show a certain attitude, for example smiled, shook his head, shrugged his shoulders, as this is the way the so-called communication with nonverbal language.

In his book, Richard West and Lyan H. Turner argued that the communication is "a social process in which individuals use symbols to create and interpret meaning in their environment ".
Communication by Arifini (in Ruslan) in his book A Brief Introduction Communication Studies, has the following definitions:

That communication is part of the social process, for example, able to influence or change attitudes acts, behaviours and thought patterns of society, especially in accepting the idea of information and new technologies.

Process of communication Studies

The communication process is divided into two stages, namely primary and secondary basis. According to Effendi in his book Human Relations & Public Relations (2009: 11-16) is divided into two stages, namely primary and secondary basis.

1.       The process of communication is the primary

The primary communication process is the process of delivering thoughts and or feelings to others using an emblem (symbol) as the media. Emblem as the primary medium in the process of communication is language, gesture, gestures, colors, and others who are directly able to "translate" the thoughts or feelings of a communicator to the communicant.

2.       The process of communication is secondary

The secondary communication process is the process of delivering a message by one person to another by using a tool or means as a second media after the emblem used as the first media. Someone communicators using the media both in the conduct of communication because the communicant as targets is in place that is relatively distant or numerous. Media The second question is a letter, telephone, telex, newspapers, magazines, radio, television, film, and others.

Based on the theory that has been described above, the writer can draw the conclusion that the communication process is how the communicator convey the message to the communicant, so as to create an equation between the communicant with communicator meaning. This communication process is aimed at creating an effective communication (in accordance with the purpose of communication in general).

Components of Communication Studies

The scope of Communications based on components consist of:

1.       Communicators (communicator) and communicant (communicant)

Communicators are individuals or groups who take the initiative in establishing contacts with individuals or other groups. While that is a recipient of the communicant is expected to be minimal indeed have extensive knowledge of the problems communicated. It can be said communicators are those who give the message and communicant is the person who receives the message from the communicator.

2.       Message (message)

Message (message) is at the core of the formulation of the purpose and intent of the communicator to the communicant, this message is a crucial element in the success of communication. So that messages can be received well, the message must be eligible to easy to understand.

3.       Channel (channel)

Channel (channel) is a vehicle or a tool to convey messages from the communicator to the communicant, both directly (face to face), or indirectly (through print / electronic, and others).

4.       Effect (effect)

Impacts or effects on the communicant (receiver) after receiving a message from the communicator, such as a change in attitude, increased knowledge, and others.

Context of Communication Studies

Communication does not take place in a social vacuum but in a particular context or situation. Categories based on the level (level) is most commonly used to look at the context of the communication, starting from the communication that involves the least amount of participant communications to communications involving the number of participants at most.

1.       Intrapersonal Communication

Intrapersonal communication is a communication with yourself. Examples think. This communication is the foundation of interpersonal communication and communication in other contexts. In other words, intrapersonal communication is attached to the communication of two people, three people, and so on because before communicating with others we usually communicate with ourselves (perceiving and ensure meaning of the message of others).

2.       Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication is the communication between people face to face, allowing each participant capture reactions of others directly, both verbal and nonverbal. Special forms of interpersonal communication are dyadic communication (dyadic communication) which involves only two people, such as husband and wife, two colleagues, two close friend, teacher-student, and others. Characteristics are dyadic communication: communicating parties are in close proximity; the communicating parties sending and receiving messages, simultaneously and spontaneously, either verbal or nonverbal. The success of communication is the responsibility of the participant communication.

3.       Communications Group

The group is a group of people who have a common goal, which interacts with each other to achieve a common goal (the dependence), get to know one another, and saw them as part of the group, although each member may have a different role. Communications group typically refers to communications made small groups (small group communication), so it is face to face and feedback from the participants in the group communication can still be identified and addressed directly.

4.       Public Communications

Public communication (public communication) is a communication between a speaker with a large number of people (audience), who could not be identified one by one. Examples speeches, lectures. Communication is often called the term public communication major groups (large group communication). Usually, lasts formal public communication and listeners tend massif. Especially limited verbal feedback. The characteristics of public communication are: occur in public places (public), such as an auditorium, classrooms, places of worship (mosques, churches) or other places attended by a large number of people. Public communications often aim to enlighten, entertain, pay tribute, or persuade.

5.       Communication Organization

Communication organization (organizational communication) occurs in an organization, is formal (communication according to the structure) and informal (communication that does not rely on structure), and takes place in a larger network than the group communication. Public communications often involve dyadic communication, interpersonal communication, and there are times when communication public.

6.       Mass Communication

Mass communication (mass communication) is a communication that uses mass communication, both print (newspapers, magazines) or electronic (radio, television), speaking relatively expensive, which is managed by an institution or person is institutionalized, addressed to a large number of people who scattered in many places, anonymous, and heterogeneous. Messages are common, delivered and passing (especially electronic media).

7.       Political Communication

According to the International Encyclopedia Of Communication, political communication is any messaging arranged deliberately to gain influence on the deployment or use of power in a society which contains four forms of communication, namely:

1. Elite communication.

2. Hegemonic communication.

3. Petitionary communication.

4. Associated communication.

References:

Introduction of Communication Studies, 1998, Hafied Cangara

An Introduction to Communication Studies, 2005, Dedy Mulyana

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